Radiological appearances of diffuse esophageal spasm have been described as: curling esophagus Corkscrew esophagus or - pseudodiverticulosis Diffuse esophageal spasm is a motor disorder of esophagus characterized by repetitive simultaneous non-peristaltic contractions.   Symptoms are substernal chest pain and/or dysphagia   Diagnosed by manometry Also know Nutcracker esophagus also known as 'supersqueezer' esophagus - it is characterized by extremely high-amplitude peristaltic contraction - Symptoms are pain and dysphagia Diagnosed by manometry study which shows peristaltic esophageal contractions with peak amplitudes greater than two standard deviations above the normal values.

Explanation#1 👆: The correct answer is E. In the absence of an obvious source in the anus or distal rectum, further evaluation is needed. Fecal occult blood test (FOBT) is irrelevant with a history of visible rectal bleeding. CBC is unlikely to be helpful. Flexible sigmoidoscopy only examines part of the colon. While barium enema may identify an abnormality anywhere in the colon, it is not as specific as colonoscopy.

Explaination #1. (C) High-output renal failure should be suspected if the BUN continues to rise with urine output >1000–1500 mL/d. It is associated with mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency; in comparison, severe renal injury results in oliguric renal failure. The kidneys do not tolerate ischemia for more than 30–90 minutes. Hypothermia is protective. There is a decrease in creatinine clearance. Vasopressors aggravate the deleterious effects of shock.